William Henry Moody (December 23, 1853 – July 2, 1917) was an American politician and

jurist A jurist is a person with expert knowledge of law; someone who analyses and comments on law. This person is usually a specialist legal scholar, mostly (but not always) with a formal qualification in law and often a legal practitioner. In the Uni ...

who held positions in all three branches of the Government of the United States. He represented parts of Essex County, Massachusetts in the United States House of Representatives from 1895 until 1902. He then served in the cabinet of President Theodore Roosevelt as Secretary of the Navy and Attorney General before Roosevelt appointed him to the United States Supreme Court in 1906. He retired from the Court for health reasons after a brief tenure of just less than four years. A

progressive Progressive may refer to: Politics * Progressivism, a political philosophy in support of social reform ** Progressivism in the United States, the political philosophy in the American context * Progressive realism, an American foreign policy par ...

like Roosevelt, he opposed racial segregation and spoke out in favor of African-American civil rights.

Early life

Moody was born in Newbury, Massachusetts, the son of Henry Lord Moody and Melissa Augusta (Emerson) Moody. His father owned and managed several farms, and Moody attended the local schools of Newbury, Salem, and Danvers. All of his immigrant ancestors came to Massachusetts from England, and they all came as part of the Puritan migration from England. All of them arrived between 1620 and 1640. He graduated from

Phillips Academy ("Not for Self") la, Finis Origine Pendet ("The End Depends Upon the Beginning") Youth From Every Quarter Knowledge and Goodness , address = 180 Main Street , city = Andover , state = Ma ...

in 1872 and Harvard University, Phi Beta Kappa in 1876. After four months attending

Harvard Law School Harvard Law School (Harvard Law or HLS) is the law school of Harvard University, a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1817, it is the oldest continuously operating law school in the United States. Each class ...

, he began to study law in the office of

Richard Henry Dana, Jr. Richard Henry Dana Jr. (August 1, 1815 – January 6, 1882) was an American lawyer and politician from Massachusetts, a descendant of a colonial family, who gained renown as the author of the classic American memoir ''Two Years Before the Mast''. ...

, and attained admission to the Massachusetts bar in 1878.

Start of career

Early in his legal career, Moody first was elected city solicitor of

Haverhill, Massachusetts Haverhill ( ) is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. Haverhill is located 35 miles north of Boston on the New Hampshire border and about 17 miles from the Atlantic Ocean. The population was 67,787 at the 2020 United States Cen ...

in 1888. After appointment as the District Attorney for Eastern Massachusetts in 1890, he gained widespread notoriety in 1893 as the junior prosecutor in the Lizzie Borden murder case. While his efforts were unsuccessful he was generally acknowledged as the most competent and effective of the attorneys on either side.

U.S. Congress

He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts, and served from 1895 to 1902. He served on the powerful Appropriations Committee, and also held seats on Insular Affairs, Expenditures in the Department of Justice, and the Joint Commission on the Transportation of the Mails. He was a candidate to succeed Thomas B. Reed as Speaker in 1899, but the post was won by David B. Henderson.

Secretary of the Navy

During President Theodore Roosevelt's administration, Moody served as the Secretary of Navy from 1902 to 1904. He oversaw the start of the Roosevelt-era expansion of the Navy, including an increase in the number of ships, as well as an effort to increase manpower by improving efforts to recruit sailors from non-coastal states. Moody also negotiated with the government of Cuba for the original lease that permitted construction and occupation of the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.

U.S. Attorney General

Moody served as

Attorney General In most common law jurisdictions, the attorney general or attorney-general (sometimes abbreviated AG or Atty.-Gen) is the main legal advisor to the government. The plural is attorneys general. In some jurisdictions, attorneys general also have exec ...

from 1904 to 1906. In this post, Moody actively followed Roosevelt's trust-busting policies, negotiating with 'good' trusts such as U.S. Steel but successfully prosecuting 'bad' ones such as Standard Oil and the Beef Trust.

U.S. Supreme Court

Roosevelt nominated Moody as an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court on December 3, 1906, to a seat vacated by

Henry B. Brown Henry Billings Brown (March 2, 1836 – September 4, 1913) was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1891 to 1906. Although a respected lawyer and U.S. District Judge before ascending to the high court, Brown ...

. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on December 12, 1906, and was sworn into office on December 17, 1906. Moody's service on the Court was brief but eventful, and he authored 67 opinions and five dissents. His most noted opinion was in the minority in the ''Employers Liability Cases'' (1908), where he held that Congress' power to regulate interstate commerce included the ability to legislate management's relationship with employees. While he generally supported enhanced federal powers, opinions such as ''

Twining v. New Jersey ''Twining v. New Jersey'', 211 U.S. 78 (1908), was a case of the U.S. Supreme Court. In this case, the Court established the Incorporation Doctrine by concluding that while certain rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights might apply to the states u ...

'' (1908), where he held that the Fifth Amendment's protection against compulsory self-incrimination did not apply to cases presented in state courts, made him hard to pigeonhole. He also wrote for a unanimous Court in the famous case of '' Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley'', which limited federal question jurisdiction to cases in which the plaintiff's cause of action was based on federal law. By 1908, Moody suffered severe

rheumatism Rheumatism or rheumatic disorders are conditions causing chronic, often intermittent pain affecting the joints or connective tissue. Rheumatism does not designate any specific disorder, but covers at least 200 different conditions, including art ...

. This affected Moody to such an extent that his last sitting on the bench was May 7, 1909, when he left for a brief rest and never returned. With the age- and health-enfeebled Supreme Court of 1909 crippled (President William Howard Taft was to make a record-setting five appointments due to death and resignations over the course of a single year in 1910–1911), Taft urged Moody, then the youngest justice at 55, to step down. After Taft successfully lobbied Congress for a Special Act granting Moody full retirement benefits (to which he would not otherwise have qualified for),HarpWeek: Cartoon of the Day
at harpweek.com Moody retired from the Court on November 20, 1910.

Death and burial

Moody was not married, and had no children. He died in Haverhill, Massachusetts on July 2, 1917, at age 63, and was buried at Byfield Cemetery in Georgetown, Massachusetts.

Awards and honors

In 1904, Moody received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Tufts University and

Amherst College Amherst College ( ) is a private liberal arts college in Amherst, Massachusetts. Founded in 1821 as an attempt to relocate Williams College by its then-president Zephaniah Swift Moore, Amherst is the third oldest institution of higher educatio ...

Legacy

After Moody's death, some of his official papers were placed in the custody of Professor Felix Frankfurter, then of

. They are now in the collection of Frankfurter's papers in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress. Moody's office furnishings and papers were donated to the Haverhill Historical Society and there is a Moody Room open to the public at the Buttonwoods Museum in Haverhill that features his personal collection.William H. Moody
Buttonwoods Museum USS ''Moody'' (DD-277) was named for him. In 2018, television and film actor Jay Huguley portrayed Moody in ''Lizzie'', a biographical thriller film about Lizzie Borden.

Notes

References and further reading

* Gould, Lewis L. "Moody, William Henry"
''American National Biography'' Online February 2000.
* Heffron, Paul T. "Theodore Roosevelt and the Appointment of Mr. Justice Moody." ''Vanderbilt Law Review'' 18 (1964): 545
online
* Watts, Jr., James F. "William Moody," in ''The Justices of the United States Supreme Court 1789–1969,'' ed. Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel (1969),

Sources and external links

The Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum owns 12 Moody letters dated 1896–1908.
* * , - , - , - {{DEFAULTSORT:Moody, William Henry 1853 births 1917 deaths 19th-century American politicians 20th-century American judges 20th-century American politicians Harvard University alumni Massachusetts lawyers Phillips Academy alumni Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts Theodore Roosevelt administration cabinet members United States Attorneys General United States federal judges appointed by Theodore Roosevelt United States Secretaries of the Navy Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States United States federal judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law